Public Genomes. PBS Airdate: August 18, 2009. NEIL DeGRASSE TYSON: Hi, I'm Neil deGrasse Tyson, your host of NOVA scienceNOW. It seems like every week, scientists.

NOVA - Official Website Diamond Factory. Diamond Factory. PBS Airdate: June 3.

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NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON (As Treasure- Hunter. Indiana Jones): Treasure.

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These. days, big diamonds are in demand, and not just for jewelry. Some think they. hold a key to a new age of electronics.

As Scientist Indiana Jones): Dr. Tyson, we have an answer.(As Treasure Hunter Indiana Jones). Some scientists have a new recipe. Recently. I got to visit a secret place.

I can't tell you where it is, because, well, I. I could only get there if I agreed to be. BRUCE. LIKELY: It will be a little. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: In fact, the. When. I finally got to peek, it didn't look all that unusual.

Where. am I? Oh, sorry! But. don't let appearances fool you. ROBERT. LINARES (Apollo Diamond, Inc.): You're at the U.

S. diamond factory. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: A diamond factory? Or. maybe a better term would be a diamond "farm," because, as I discovered, what. BRYANT. LINARES: The diamonds we grow are 1. They are chemically, physically and optically identical.

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: And some of the. So. basically, you're making diamonds in machines like this? But. Robert Linares didn't start this company simply to make bling. He wants to make. ROBERT. LINARES: Diamond is going to have a huge. BRYANT. LINARES: It's going to be in our cell.

It's going to be in our electric cars and in our power grid. It will be. everywhere. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: The company hopes. Because it's not just pretty, it's one of the most impressive materials in the. PATRICK. DOERING (Apollo Diamond, Inc.): Diamond has an amazing toolkit of properties.

JAMES. E. BUTLER (Naval Research Laboratory): You can boil it in any acid or any base and it. PATRICK. DOERING: The highest velocity of sound is. If you could speak to somebody through diamond, the sound would get. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: And it's not just. Heat moves faster through a. Jim. Butler at the Naval Research Lab demonstrated this to me with a simple. JIM. BUTLER: Do you have a credit card?

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: .. A card? JIM. BUTLER: That's fine with me. Press. against the block and count the number of seconds until your fingers get cold. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: This is going to.

JIM. BUTLER: This is going to take awhile, so it's not going to. And did it make any dent in the ice? NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Okay, I don't see. Nothing, there's nothing there. JIM. BUTLER: So, how about a piece of copper? So hold it by the. De. GRASSE TYSON: This'd be like.

JIM. BUTLER: Yeah, holding a penny, but this is just a nice, pure piece of copper. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: About a half inch. JIM. BUTLER: Okay, now count the number of seconds.

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Oh, right there! JIM. BUTLER: So, how many seconds? NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: That was three. BUTLER: Three to four seconds. And what did you do to the. De. GRASSE TYSON: It's still cold.

I. cut the ice. This. So it drew the heat right out.

Impressive, huh? But. Jim offered me a big chunk of diamond. JIM. BUTLER: Hold it just by the tip. Now, touch the ice and. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Instant.

It's. cutting through the ice like a knife through butter. JIM. BUTLER: Yes. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: It turns out.

All. this is possible because of diamond's unusual crystal structure. Pure diamond. is made of all carbon atoms, but the carbon atoms have to be arranged in a. Your Sister`S Sister Full Movie Part 1 more.

If. you arrange the carbon atoms in another way, you get this: graphite, one of the. STEPHEN. STEINER: Well, obviously, these are two. Graphite is black, it's opaque; when we rub it. Whereas diamond is transparent; it's hard, one.

PATRICK. DOERING: Diamond has the highest atomic. So there's more atoms per cubic centimeter than any. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: But diamond isn't. STEPHEN. STEINER: A centimeter- thick plate of.

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Electrical. JIM. BUTLER: The reason we cannot use diamonds out of the ground. They're. like snowflakes. Have you ever seen two snowflakes that are alike? We've got. billions of diamonds that we've mined out of the ground but trying to find two.

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: It all comes down. Most natural diamonds formed billions of years. Earth's crust, under extreme pressures and temperatures. Volcanic activity transported them to the surface, where we find them today. PATRICK. DOERING: So the earth is not a really well- controlled. So what happens is you're left with whatever the earth. You have to then scratch your head and say, "What can I do with it?"NEIL.

De. GRASSE TYSON: Decades ago. But the process. is impractical for making large stones, and it's difficult to produce a crystal. But. what if you can manufacture diamonds and guarantee purity and consistency?

ROBERT. LINARES: Neil, you have to put your. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: The folks at Apollo. Diamond say they can do it. They're. one of just a few companies making diamonds using technology known as "chemical. C. V. D. PATRICK. DOERING: So, to grow a diamond, you have.

So you start with a very thin plate of. It's as thick as a human hair. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Here's how it. The seeds. are then placed inside a vacuum chamber; a cocktail of gasses is pumped in. Apollo's exact recipe is top- secret, but it, of course, includes gasses that. So. what temperature is that plasma? PATRICK. DOERING: That plasma—if you could.

Celsius. It's. about the same temperature of the gas that you'd find at the edge of the sun. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: The extreme heat.

Over. the course of a week or more, diamonds grow bigger and bigger. When they emerge. And then.. The. diamonds baked up here look great to me, but what would an expert think? To. find out, I took a sample to the famous diamond district in New York City. I met Ara Arslanian, who buys and cuts some of the most impressive stones. ARA. ARSLANIAN: Fifty carat, they will charge. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: Aah!

Not 1. 0,0. 00. not 1. ARA. ARSLANIAN: No, no, no. This is real, the. Mc. Coy. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: This is the real. ARSLANIAN: This is the real thing. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: So, you know why.

Ara agreed to participate in. Point- two- nine. I. showed Ara three small cut gemstones.

One was grown in Apollo's lab, the two. ARA. ARSLANIAN: .. I'm not used to. De.

GRASSE TYSON: As I told you, at. ARA. ARSLANIAN: Let me put this thing on my. Here we go. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: I see them sparkle. ARA. ARSLANIAN: Yeah.

NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: .. ARA. ARSLANIAN: They pretty much look the same. So, normally, I'm a rough guy; I do the rough diamonds. If I have to guess—well. I would guess this one. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: That's the . ARA. ARSLANIAN: But I know what I'm seeing, I'm.

I couldn't distinguish which one is manmade and the natural. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: With the customary. Ara couldn't detect any difference in the manmade diamond.

ARA. ARSLANIAN: Yeah, it's amazing what they. It's like a toupee. It's the feeling which got.. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: The real hair.

ARA. ARSLANIAN: Even if the toupee looks great. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: More advanced.

Apollo isn't trying to trick. In fact, their manmade gemstones are marked with a microscopic brand. But. for scientists, what's most exciting about growing diamonds is not how you can. Because. with chemical vapor deposition, or C. V. D., diamonds can be grown into shapes. And. you can tinker with the recipe. JIM. BUTLER: In a C.

V. D. diamond we can actually control how we. We can engineer the material to have the property match the. NEIL. De. GRASSE TYSON: For example, add a.

That's where the famous Hope Diamond gets its distinctive color, but.